PoplarV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 000596

A genome assembly and the somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa.

Identifieur interne : 000596 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000595; suivant : 000597

A genome assembly and the somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa.

Auteurs : Brigitte T. Hofmeister [États-Unis] ; Johanna Denkena [Allemagne] ; Maria Colomé-Tatché [Allemagne, Pays-Bas] ; Yadollah Shahryary [Allemagne] ; Rashmi Hazarika [Allemagne] ; Jane Grimwood [États-Unis] ; Sujan Mamidi [États-Unis] ; Jerry Jenkins [États-Unis] ; Paul P. Grabowski [États-Unis] ; Avinash Sreedasyam [États-Unis] ; Shengqiang Shu [États-Unis] ; Kerrie Barry [États-Unis] ; Kathleen Lail [États-Unis] ; Catherine Adam [États-Unis] ; Anna Lipzen [États-Unis] ; Rotem Sorek [Israël] ; Dave Kudrna [États-Unis] ; Jayson Talag [États-Unis] ; Rod Wing [États-Unis] ; David W. Hall [États-Unis] ; Daniel Jacobsen [États-Unis] ; Gerald A. Tuskan [États-Unis] ; Jeremy Schmutz [États-Unis] ; Frank Johannes [Allemagne] ; Robert J. Schmitz [Allemagne, États-Unis]

Source :

Genome biology [ 1474-760X ] ; 2020.

RBID : pubmed:33023654

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Plants can transmit somatic mutations and epimutations to offspring, which in turn can affect fitness. Knowledge of the rate at which these variations arise is necessary to understand how plant development contributes to local adaption in an ecoevolutionary context, particularly in long-lived perennials.

RESULTS

Here, we generate a new high-quality reference genome from the oldest branch of a wild Populus trichocarpa tree with two dominant stems which have been evolving independently for 330 years. By sampling multiple, age-estimated branches of this tree, we use a multi-omics approach to quantify age-related somatic changes at the genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional level. We show that the per-year somatic mutation and epimutation rates are lower than in annuals and that transcriptional variation is mainly independent of age divergence and cytosine methylation. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the somatic epimutation spectrum indicates that transgenerationally heritable epimutations originate mainly from DNA methylation maintenance errors during mitotic rather than during meiotic cell divisions.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our study provides unprecedented insights into the origin of nucleotide and functional variation in a long-lived perennial plant.

DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02162-5
PubMed: 33023654
PubMed Central: PMC7539514

Affiliations:

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<author><name sortKey="Lail, Kathleen" sort="Lail, Kathleen" uniqKey="Lail K" first="Kathleen" last="Lail">Kathleen Lail</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wing, Rod" sort="Wing, Rod" uniqKey="Wing R" first="Rod" last="Wing">Rod Wing</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Hall, David W" sort="Hall, David W" uniqKey="Hall D" first="David W" last="Hall">David W. Hall</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Jacobsen, Daniel" sort="Jacobsen, Daniel" uniqKey="Jacobsen D" first="Daniel" last="Jacobsen">Daniel Jacobsen</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Johannes, Frank" sort="Johannes, Frank" uniqKey="Johannes F" first="Frank" last="Johannes">Frank Johannes</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. schmitz@uga.edu.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Denkena, Johanna" sort="Denkena, Johanna" uniqKey="Denkena J" first="Johanna" last="Denkena">Johanna Denkena</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Freising</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shahryary, Yadollah" sort="Shahryary, Yadollah" uniqKey="Shahryary Y" first="Yadollah" last="Shahryary">Yadollah Shahryary</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Freising</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hazarika, Rashmi" sort="Hazarika, Rashmi" uniqKey="Hazarika R" first="Rashmi" last="Hazarika">Rashmi Hazarika</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Freising</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Garching</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grimwood, Jane" sort="Grimwood, Jane" uniqKey="Grimwood J" first="Jane" last="Grimwood">Jane Grimwood</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mamidi, Sujan" sort="Mamidi, Sujan" uniqKey="Mamidi S" first="Sujan" last="Mamidi">Sujan Mamidi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jenkins, Jerry" sort="Jenkins, Jerry" uniqKey="Jenkins J" first="Jerry" last="Jenkins">Jerry Jenkins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grabowski, Paul P" sort="Grabowski, Paul P" uniqKey="Grabowski P" first="Paul P" last="Grabowski">Paul P. Grabowski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sreedasyam, Avinash" sort="Sreedasyam, Avinash" uniqKey="Sreedasyam A" first="Avinash" last="Sreedasyam">Avinash Sreedasyam</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shu, Shengqiang" sort="Shu, Shengqiang" uniqKey="Shu S" first="Shengqiang" last="Shu">Shengqiang Shu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barry, Kerrie" sort="Barry, Kerrie" uniqKey="Barry K" first="Kerrie" last="Barry">Kerrie Barry</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lail, Kathleen" sort="Lail, Kathleen" uniqKey="Lail K" first="Kathleen" last="Lail">Kathleen Lail</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adam, Catherine" sort="Adam, Catherine" uniqKey="Adam C" first="Catherine" last="Adam">Catherine Adam</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lipzen, Anna" sort="Lipzen, Anna" uniqKey="Lipzen A" first="Anna" last="Lipzen">Anna Lipzen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sorek, Rotem" sort="Sorek, Rotem" uniqKey="Sorek R" first="Rotem" last="Sorek">Rotem Sorek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Rehovot</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kudrna, Dave" sort="Kudrna, Dave" uniqKey="Kudrna D" first="Dave" last="Kudrna">Dave Kudrna</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Talag, Jayson" sort="Talag, Jayson" uniqKey="Talag J" first="Jayson" last="Talag">Jayson Talag</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wing, Rod" sort="Wing, Rod" uniqKey="Wing R" first="Rod" last="Wing">Rod Wing</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hall, David W" sort="Hall, David W" uniqKey="Hall D" first="David W" last="Hall">David W. Hall</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacobsen, Daniel" sort="Jacobsen, Daniel" uniqKey="Jacobsen D" first="Daniel" last="Jacobsen">Daniel Jacobsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tuskan, Gerald A" sort="Tuskan, Gerald A" uniqKey="Tuskan G" first="Gerald A" last="Tuskan">Gerald A. Tuskan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmutz, Jeremy" sort="Schmutz, Jeremy" uniqKey="Schmutz J" first="Jeremy" last="Schmutz">Jeremy Schmutz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johannes, Frank" sort="Johannes, Frank" uniqKey="Johannes F" first="Frank" last="Johannes">Frank Johannes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, Germany. frank@johanneslab.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Freising</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, Germany. frank@johanneslab.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Garching</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmitz, Robert J" sort="Schmitz, Robert J" uniqKey="Schmitz R" first="Robert J" last="Schmitz">Robert J. Schmitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, Germany. schmitz@uga.edu.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Garching</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. schmitz@uga.edu.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Genome biology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1474-760X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b>
</p>
<p>Plants can transmit somatic mutations and epimutations to offspring, which in turn can affect fitness. Knowledge of the rate at which these variations arise is necessary to understand how plant development contributes to local adaption in an ecoevolutionary context, particularly in long-lived perennials.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b>
</p>
<p>Here, we generate a new high-quality reference genome from the oldest branch of a wild Populus trichocarpa tree with two dominant stems which have been evolving independently for 330 years. By sampling multiple, age-estimated branches of this tree, we use a multi-omics approach to quantify age-related somatic changes at the genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional level. We show that the per-year somatic mutation and epimutation rates are lower than in annuals and that transcriptional variation is mainly independent of age divergence and cytosine methylation. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the somatic epimutation spectrum indicates that transgenerationally heritable epimutations originate mainly from DNA methylation maintenance errors during mitotic rather than during meiotic cell divisions.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>
</p>
<p>Taken together, our study provides unprecedented insights into the origin of nucleotide and functional variation in a long-lived perennial plant.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Process" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33023654</PMID>
<DateRevised><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>03</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1474-760X</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>21</Volume>
<Issue>1</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Genome biology</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Genome Biol</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>A genome assembly and the somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>259</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s13059-020-02162-5</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Plants can transmit somatic mutations and epimutations to offspring, which in turn can affect fitness. Knowledge of the rate at which these variations arise is necessary to understand how plant development contributes to local adaption in an ecoevolutionary context, particularly in long-lived perennials.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Here, we generate a new high-quality reference genome from the oldest branch of a wild Populus trichocarpa tree with two dominant stems which have been evolving independently for 330 years. By sampling multiple, age-estimated branches of this tree, we use a multi-omics approach to quantify age-related somatic changes at the genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional level. We show that the per-year somatic mutation and epimutation rates are lower than in annuals and that transcriptional variation is mainly independent of age divergence and cytosine methylation. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the somatic epimutation spectrum indicates that transgenerationally heritable epimutations originate mainly from DNA methylation maintenance errors during mitotic rather than during meiotic cell divisions.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION">Taken together, our study provides unprecedented insights into the origin of nucleotide and functional variation in a long-lived perennial plant.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hofmeister</LastName>
<ForeName>Brigitte T</ForeName>
<Initials>BT</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Denkena</LastName>
<ForeName>Johanna</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Colomé-Tatché</LastName>
<ForeName>Maria</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shahryary</LastName>
<ForeName>Yadollah</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hazarika</LastName>
<ForeName>Rashmi</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grimwood</LastName>
<ForeName>Jane</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mamidi</LastName>
<ForeName>Sujan</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jenkins</LastName>
<ForeName>Jerry</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grabowski</LastName>
<ForeName>Paul P</ForeName>
<Initials>PP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sreedasyam</LastName>
<ForeName>Avinash</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shu</LastName>
<ForeName>Shengqiang</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barry</LastName>
<ForeName>Kerrie</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lail</LastName>
<ForeName>Kathleen</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adam</LastName>
<ForeName>Catherine</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lipzen</LastName>
<ForeName>Anna</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sorek</LastName>
<ForeName>Rotem</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kudrna</LastName>
<ForeName>Dave</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Talag</LastName>
<ForeName>Jayson</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wing</LastName>
<ForeName>Rod</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hall</LastName>
<ForeName>David W</ForeName>
<Initials>DW</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.</Affiliation>
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   |clé=     pubmed:33023654
   |texte=   A genome assembly and the somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa.
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A genome assembly and the somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa.

A genome assembly and the somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa.

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